\u201cTarih zaman zaman an\u0131 yakalayan, bask\u0131ya u\u011frayanlar\u0131n dileklerine ve \u00f6zlemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 liderleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Steve Biko da b\u00f6yle biriydi; tam olarak zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, bir halk\u0131n yeniden uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011frur bir temsilcisi.\u201d<\/p>\n
Genelde Afrika\u2019da, \u00f6zelde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da halklar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Fransa, Hollanda, \u0130ngiltere, Portekiz ve Bel\u00e7ika gibi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131na maruz kald\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Afrika\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde Kwame Nkrumah gibi liderler ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelelerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Afrika Ulusal Kongresi (ANC), Siyah Bilin\u00e7 hareketi ve G\u00fcney Afrika \u00d6\u011frenciler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc(SASO) apartheid rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctledi. Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, Oliver Tambo ve Desmond Tutu gibi isimler ise bu m\u00fccadelenin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden oldu.<\/p>\n
Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, bu isimlerden biri olan, Siyah Bilinci Hareketi ve SASO’nun kurucular\u0131ndan Steve Biko\u2019yu k\u0131saca tan\u0131maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Steve Biko, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 apartheid rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen siyah direni\u015finin Nelson Mandela\u2019dan sonraki en etkili ismiydi. 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve 1970\u2019lerde, Mandela ve di\u011fer ANC liderlerinin cezaevinde veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu, yani \u00fclke i\u00e7i muhalefetin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 bir ku\u015fa\u011fa ilham vererek siyah m\u00fccadelesini yeniden canland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nder Nelson Mandela, Biko\u2019nun liderli\u011fini ve etkisini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle \u00f6zetler: \u201cTarih zaman zaman an\u0131 yakalayan, bask\u0131ya u\u011frayanlar\u0131n dileklerine ve \u00f6zlemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 liderleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Steve Biko da b\u00f6yle biriydi; tam olarak zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, bir halk\u0131n yeniden uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011frur bir temsilcisi.\u201d<\/p>\n
Steve Biko, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k kompleksi, \u00f6zg\u00fcven eksikli\u011fi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciye \u00f6yk\u00fcnme ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kimlik gibi duygulardan kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir bilin\u00e7lendirme hareketine giri\u015fti. Ona g\u00f6re \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00f6nce zihinde ba\u015flar.\u201d Siyahlar\u0131n kendilerini beyazlardan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyi b\u0131rakmalar\u0131 ve kendi de\u011ferlerinin fark\u0131na varmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Siyah k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, tarihi ve kimli\u011fine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgu, siyah topluluklar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcvenini yeniden kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyordu.<\/p>\n
Biko\u2019nun \u201cSiyah Bilinci\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, ki\u015finin kendi \u00f6z bilinciyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi siyahinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc k\u0131lar; onu daha az ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 yapar; insan olu\u015funu ifade etmede daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u0131lar ve insan olu\u015funun \u00f6nemini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc giri\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 durmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Biko, siyahlar\u0131n salt siyah olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bask\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyor ve bu bask\u0131ya birle\u015ferek kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in \u201csiyahi\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fekilde sahiplenilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u201cSiyah g\u00fczeldir\u201d slogan\u0131 da bu \u00e7aban\u0131n bir simgesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
O d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ANC ve SACP gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc; ancak Apartheid rejimi taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Liderlerin tutuklanmas\u0131 nedeniyle Steve Biko ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 SASO\u2019yu kurmaya karar verdi. SASO, strateji olarak beyaz liberallerle i\u015fbirli\u011finden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yor; siyahlar\u0131n kendi kendine yetebilece\u011fini ve kurtulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ancak siyahlar\u0131n liderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini savunuyordu. B\u00f6ylece SASO\u2019nun kurulu\u015fu, d\u00f6nemin politik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele stratejilerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla \u015fekillendi.<\/p>\n
Steve Biko \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Siyah Bilinci Hareketi ve SASO, siyahlar\u0131n kendine g\u00fcvenen bireyler olmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyordu. Biko k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede toplum i\u00e7inde etkili bir konuma y\u00fckseldi ve bu nedenle Apartheid rejiminin hedefi haline geldi. Hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok yasaklama karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131; belirli b\u00f6lgelerden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, iki ki\u015fiden fazla grupla konu\u015fmas\u0131, konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131. Ancak t\u00fcm bu yasaklara ra\u011fmen Biko, toplumu \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yaymaya devam etti.<\/p>\n
Biko\u2019nun \u015fu s\u00f6zleri m\u00fccadele kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6zetler: \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fim istiyorsak ceketlerimizi \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131, rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fimizi, i\u015flerimizi ve prestijli pozisyonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve ailelerimizi kaybetmeye haz\u0131r olmal\u0131y\u0131z\u2026 Kay\u0131p verilmeyen bir m\u00fccadele, m\u00fccadele de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Biko\u2019nun m\u00fccadele anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ifade eden s\u00f6zlerinden biri de \u015fudur: \u201cYa\u015fayacak bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce i\u00e7in \u00f6lmek, \u00f6lmeye mahk\u00fbm bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce i\u00e7in ya\u015famaktan daha iyidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ne yaz\u0131k ki 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1977\u2019de Steve Biko, hen\u00fcz 31 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Apartheid rejimine ba\u011fl\u0131 polisler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcnlerce i\u015fkence edilerek katledildi. Polis olay\u0131 \u00f6rtbas etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da toplumun bask\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015fkence sonucu katledildi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu durum, d\u00fcnya genelinde hem Biko\u2019nun sahiplenilmesine hem de Apartheid rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
Biko\u2019nun Siyah Bilinci felsefesi, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin sonraki a\u015famalar\u0131na ve ABD\u2019deki Siyah G\u00fc\u00e7 (Black Power) hareketi gibi di\u011fer k\u00fcresel hareketlere de ilham oldu. Biko, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n siyah m\u00fccadelesinin en cesur \u00f6nderlerinden biri olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn Biko\u2019nun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek, benzer bask\u0131 ve e\u015fitsizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fen halklar ve toplumsal kesimler i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir referans noktas\u0131 olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201cTarih zaman zaman an\u0131 yakalayan, bask\u0131ya u\u011frayanlar\u0131n dileklerine ve \u00f6zlemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 liderleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Steve Biko da b\u00f6yle biriydi; tam olarak zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, bir halk\u0131n yeniden uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011frur bir temsilcisi.\u201d Genelde Afrika\u2019da, \u00f6zelde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da halklar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Fransa, Hollanda, \u0130ngiltere, Portekiz ve Bel\u00e7ika gibi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131na maruz kald\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Afrika\u2019n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/202309121053_Steve-Biko-French-Deal-Mag-Culture-Noire.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9205"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9224,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9205\/revisions\/9224"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}