\u00c7in toplumu devrim \u00f6ncesi, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 feodalizme dayal\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan da kaynakl\u0131, geleneksel feodal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z ve karar hakk\u0131 olmayan kad\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcyor, hatta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131zlar ba\u015fl\u0131k paras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131yor, kiralan\u0131yor, yani fahi\u015felik yapmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015famak istemeyen kad\u0131n \u00e7areyi can\u0131na k\u0131ymakta bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7inli kad\u0131nlar t\u00fcm bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 ya intihar etmekte ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir suskunlukla boyun e\u011fmektedir. Hatta g\u00fczellik sembol\u00fc olarak \u00c7in\u2019de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayakl\u0131 k\u0131zlar\u0131n tercih edilmesi \u00fczerine, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckken giydirilen demir ayakkab\u0131lar i\u015fkenceye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcce benimsenmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlar bu bask\u0131lardan ka\u00e7man\u0131n bir yolunu da dinde aram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Tao mezhebini benimseyen kad\u0131nlar, ho\u015fnutsuzluklar\u0131n\u0131 kiliselere kapanarak gidermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zorla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen evlilikler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tepki do\u011furmu\u015f, sonunda devlet aileleri taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanan kad\u0131nlara ev kurmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1911 Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde dernekler illegal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme mecburiyetindeydi. Bu dernekler siyasi i\u00e7erik ta\u015f\u0131yor ve kad\u0131nlar da bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131yordu. Kad\u0131nlara \u00f6zel bir sayg\u0131nl\u0131k tan\u0131nsa da y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revlere gelemiyor, karar yetkisine sahip olam\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
1911 Devrimi sonras\u0131nda bu gizli dernekler, yo\u011fun desteklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc legalle\u015fti. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n askeri birliklerde sava\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenir. Ancak bu devrim kad\u0131nlara yaln\u0131zca \u201cayak ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n sar\u0131lmamas\u0131\u201d bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, daha ileri bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme getirmemi\u015ftir. Devrim sonras\u0131 dernekler siyasal misyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirip ya mafyala\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya da solcu siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dclkenin baz\u0131 yerlerinde kad\u0131nlar, \u00f6zellikle casus ve g\u00f6zetleyici olarak \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erkeklerle siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kad\u0131nlar \u00f6zerk dernekler kurmu\u015f, \u00e7o\u011fu kez dullar\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak amac\u0131yla kad\u0131n dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131sa vadeli grevler \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
4 May\u0131s 1919\u2019da Japon emperyalizmine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan m\u00fccadelede de kad\u0131nlar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tart\u0131\u015fma, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve ileti\u015fim gruplar\u0131 kurarak halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmay\u0131, Japon mallar\u0131n\u0131 boykot ettirmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Mao, farkl\u0131 gazetelere yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131larda kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015f ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ku\u015fkusuz \u00c7in Devrimi\u2019nin kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda Mao\u2019nun ki\u015fili\u011fi ve ili\u015fki tarz\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Mao\u2019nun ya\u015fam\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015f, yan\u0131lg\u0131lar da ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ailesinde babas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 annesiyle ittifaka y\u00f6nelmesi, sonraki y\u0131llarda Mao \u00fczerinde etkiler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011f, kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorununda derinle\u015fmeyi engellemi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n
Mao kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda belli ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015fsa da k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm geli\u015ftirememi\u015ftir. Genel s\u00f6ylem ve reel sosyalist pratiklerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, olay\u0131n salt niceli\u011fine \u00f6nem veren kaba \u015fematik anlay\u0131\u015f k\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mao\u2019nun \u00f6ncelikli ad\u0131m\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi olsa da bu da s\u00fcreklile\u015ftirilmemi\u015ftir. Geleneklere kar\u015f\u0131 radikal bir kopu\u015f tutumu g\u00f6r\u00fclse de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle bulu\u015fturulmada eksiklikler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn toplum \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu savunulmu\u015f, bu nedenle \u00c7in\u2019de kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunuculu\u011fu ulus\u00e7uluk ak\u0131m\u0131 ile birlikte geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 kad\u0131n dernekleri ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler oy haklar\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler konusunda d\u00fczenlemeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fcklere ra\u011fmen \u00c7inli kad\u0131nlar, uzun y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir rol kazanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar olmu\u015fsa da, genelde geri cephede kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kuo Ch\u2019un-Ch\u2019ing gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sava\u015fta aktif yer alabilmesi ancak erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girmeleriyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. On y\u00fcksek \u00f6d\u00fcl almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ancak yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rnek, \u00c7in\u2019deki kad\u0131n hareketinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in\u2019de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u00f6le gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda kad\u0131n hareketleri geli\u015fiyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kalk\u0131\u015flar\u0131 son derece g\u00f6rkemli ve anlaml\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ancak kad\u0131n hareketini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nc\u00fc kad\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fini yaratma ve onu kurtulu\u015f ideolojisiyle donatma konusunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc eksikli\u011fi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, geleneklere ve eski ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6fke g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Ancak yeniyi yaratma boyutunda eksiklikler g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u201cSokak komiteleri, sosyal refah \u00f6rg\u00fctleri\u201d gibi pratik kurumla\u015fmalar olu\u015fturulsa da, geni\u015f bir program ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc perspektif sunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu kurumlar zamanla tutucula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya da i\u015flev de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Sorunun temelde ele al\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve programdan, kad\u0131n ideolojisinden yoksunluk, pratik ad\u0131mlar ile ama\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu eksiklik, yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir kad\u0131n hareketinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00c7in toplumu devrim \u00f6ncesi, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 feodalizme dayal\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan da kaynakl\u0131, geleneksel feodal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z ve karar hakk\u0131 olmayan kad\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcyor, hatta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131zlar ba\u015fl\u0131k paras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131yor, kiralan\u0131yor, yani fahi\u015felik yapmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015famak istemeyen kad\u0131n \u00e7areyi can\u0131na k\u0131ymakta bulmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7inli kad\u0131nlar t\u00fcm bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 ya intihar etmekte […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/kadinlarkulturdevrimi.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8107","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8107"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8253,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8107\/revisions\/8253"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8252"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}