{"id":8005,"date":"2025-08-22T12:38:17","date_gmt":"2025-08-22T09:38:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=8005"},"modified":"2025-08-22T13:11:59","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T10:11:59","slug":"sovyet-devriminde-kadin-mucadele-deneyimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2025\/08\/22\/sovyet-devriminde-kadin-mucadele-deneyimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Sovyet Devriminde Kad\u0131n M\u00fccadele Deneyimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sovyetler tarihinde ge\u00e7erli olan temel yakla\u015f\u0131m, kad\u0131n sorununun s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesiyle do\u011fal olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fiydi. Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan hatalar, en \u00e7ok da kad\u0131n aleyhine olmu\u015ftur. Reel sosyalizm a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki, kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmeden toplum \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015femez.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sosyalist bir devrim olma \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle, kad\u0131n\u0131n devrime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hangi d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funun incelenece\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir deneyim de Sovyet Devrimidir. Sovyet Devrimi\u2019nin kad\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hangi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, kad\u0131n\u0131n devrim \u00f6ncesi durumunu a\u00e7mak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Sovyet Devrimi \u00d6ncesinde Kad\u0131n\u0131n Konumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Feodalizmin a\u011f\u0131r etkilerini ta\u015f\u0131yan Rusya\u2019da kad\u0131nlar t\u00fcm haklardan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum birka\u00e7 Rus atas\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirilir: \u201cPili\u00e7 ku\u015f say\u0131lmaz, kad\u0131n da insan.\u201d Yine \u201cKad\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde hi\u00e7 \u015feytan\u0131 arama.\u201d Ba\u015fka bir atas\u00f6z\u00fcnde ise \u201cKahvalt\u0131 ve ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi olarak kar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6v. Kad\u0131n camdan de\u011fildir, birka\u00e7 kez vurmakla k\u0131r\u0131lmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu atas\u00f6zlerinde de anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi devrimden \u00f6nce kad\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 bu \u00e7er\u00e7evededir. \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00fczenin aile yasas\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da bu atas\u00f6zlerinin benzer bi\u00e7imde dile getirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: \u201cAilenin ba\u015f\u0131 olarak kocas\u0131na boyun e\u011fmek, ona kar\u015f\u0131 sevecen ve sayg\u0131l\u0131 davranmak, her bak\u0131mdan uysal olmak, hep sevgi ve yumu\u015fak ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermek\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu yasalara dayal\u0131 bir toplumda kad\u0131n, kocas\u0131n\u0131n onay\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yere gidemez, hi\u00e7bir yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz ve hatta pasaport sahibi olamazd\u0131. Kad\u0131n\u0131n mal sahibi olmas\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a zordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kocas\u0131 buna el koyma hakk\u0131na sahipti. Yine o d\u00f6nemde toplum a\u011f\u0131r kilise etkisi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan aile i\u015fleyi\u015fi, evlenmeler, bo\u015fanmalar kilise taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmekteydi. Kat\u0131 ahlak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir kad\u0131n i\u00e7in bo\u015fanma olduk\u00e7a zordu.<\/p>\n

Kentteki i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n\u0131n durumu ise ayr\u0131 bir trajediydi. Erkekten daha az \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha uzun saatler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundayd\u0131. Devrim \u00f6ncesi kad\u0131n\u0131n durumu bu iken, belli aray\u0131\u015flara da girmi\u015ftir. 1905 Devrimi\u2019ne kadar ciddi bir kad\u0131n hareketinden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da, baz\u0131 feminist gruplar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ilk kez feminist grup bi\u00e7iminde bir olu\u015fuma gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu grubun \u00f6nemli faaliyetlerinden biri, Rozvet (Yeti\u015fkin Kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in Edebiyat, Sanat ve Bilim Dergisi) ad\u0131nda bir dergi \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim d\u00fczeylerini y\u00fckseltmekti. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fen aray\u0131\u015flar, siyasal ve sosyal anlamda kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015funu i\u00e7ermekten uzakt\u0131. Daha \u00e7ok yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve birbirini koruma temelinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

1905 Devrimi ve Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

1905 Devrimi, kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir uyan\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Aleksandra Kollontai bu s\u00fcreci \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:
\n\u201c1905\u2019te bir kad\u0131n\u0131n kendisi hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftu\u011funun ya da yeni haklar talebinin i\u015fitilmedi\u011fi tek bir sokak k\u00f6\u015fesi yoktu.\u201d<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nemde ilk kez farkl\u0131 Rus kentlerinde kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 mitingleri d\u00fczenlendi. \u015eubat 1905\u2019te orta s\u0131n\u0131f kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan Kad\u0131nlara E\u015fit Haklar Birli\u011fi ad\u0131nda bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kuruldu. Sendikalarla s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 olan bu birlik, 7 May\u0131s 1905\u2019te 70 delegenin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk kongresini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Ancak bu kongreye sunulan, i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin e\u015fit \u00fccret ve ana-\u00e7ocuk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taleplerini i\u00e7eren karar tasar\u0131s\u0131, burjuva kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi.<\/p>\n

Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde d\u00f6rt kad\u0131n \u00c7ar II. Aleksandr\u2019a suikast d\u00fczenledi. Sofya Perevskaya, \u00c7ar\u2019a suikast d\u00fczenleyen kad\u0131n olarak d\u00fcnyada idam edilen ilk kad\u0131n suikast\u00e7\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

1917\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Bol\u015fevik Devrimi\u2019ni ba\u015flatan da kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri olmu\u015ftur. Bol\u015fevikler ilk genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 25 \u015eubat\u2019ta yapabilmi\u015flerdi; ancak bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce 200 bin i\u015f\u00e7i greve girmi\u015fti bile. Tekstil fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar, delegeler se\u00e7erek onlar\u0131 kom\u015fu fabrikalara g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve grevi \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Tro\u00e7ki bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle ifade eder:
\n\u201cDevrim, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan ba\u015flayan, kendi devrimci \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn direni\u015fini k\u0131ran i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok bask\u0131 g\u00f6ren ve ezilen kesiminin \u2013 kad\u0131n tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u2013 kendiliklerinden, inisiyatifi ellerine ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir devrimdir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Devrimin \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ise kaba materyalistti. Ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesiyle do\u011fal olarak kad\u0131n sorununun da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu nedenle kad\u0131n sorununa \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sergileme gere\u011fi duymad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Marks ve Engels de kad\u0131n\u0131n erke\u011fe g\u00f6re daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumda oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015f, fakat meseleyi yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7eli\u015fkisi temelinde ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kad\u0131n sorununun \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetle do\u011fdu\u011funu, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ancak unuttuklar\u0131 nokta, on binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcregelen cinsiyet\u00e7i \u015fekillenmenin varolu\u015fuydu. Sovyetler deneyimi, ekonomik tedbirlerle cinslerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Sovyetlerde Kad\u0131n \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc temel olarak ekonomik ve toplumsal kurtulu\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim alan\u0131nda yer alarak ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fmas\u0131, hukuksal alanda erkekle e\u015fit haklara sahip olmas\u0131 ve sosyal ya\u015famda belli bir d\u00fczelmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme i\u00e7in yeterli say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bundan farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131\u2019nda verdi\u011fi mesajda \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu:
\n\u201cKad\u0131n, ev ekonomisince s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e, durumu her zaman s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131r. Kad\u0131n\u0131n tam \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi ve erkekle e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in toplumsal d\u00fczenlemeler gerekir. Kad\u0131n o zaman erkekle e\u015fit konuma gelecektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sovyet devletinin kuruldu\u011fu ilk hafta Aleksandra Kollontai \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ilk Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar Kurultay\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 bin temsilcinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kurultay sonras\u0131nda, 1919\u2019da Genotdel (Emek\u00e7i ve K\u00f6yl\u00fc Kad\u0131nlar B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) kuruldu. Ama\u00e7, kad\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltmek, \u00f6zg\u00fcvenini geli\u015ftirmek ve erkek egemen karakteri ele\u015ftirmekti. Fakat \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7inde iki farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015fti:<\/p>\n

Bir kesim, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini feminist bir sapma olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp, kad\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n parti \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ifade edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savundu. Di\u011fer kesim ise, kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir kad\u0131n hareketinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k, kad\u0131n hareketinin geli\u015fimini engelledi.<\/p>\n

Stalin D\u00f6nemi ve Geriye D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Genotdel ve yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Kom\u00fcniska, Sovyet y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Gerek\u00e7e, d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lar ve devrimin hassas bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7iyor olmas\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece kad\u0131n\u0131n yasal ve hukuksal alanda elde etti\u011fi haklar ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kald\u0131. Eski aile yap\u0131s\u0131 yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi. Stalin, 1934\u2019te sundu\u011fu raporda kad\u0131n\u0131 sadece \u201canne ve i\u015f\u00e7i\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Tutuculuk, b\u00fcrokratik yap\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu destek olarak geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n hareketinin sosyalizme katk\u0131s\u0131 engellendi; sosyalizmin demokratik i\u00e7erikte geli\u015fiminin \u00f6n\u00fc kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Yeni ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi in\u015fa edilemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in toplum yozla\u015fmaya y\u00fcz tuttu. Devlet, 1930\u2019lardan itibaren eski geleneksel aile bi\u00e7imini yeniden oturtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n\u0131n bu ani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Stalin\u2019in e\u015fi Nadya Alluliyeva\u2019n\u0131n intihar\u0131yla da ili\u015fkilidir. 1932 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda Stalin\u2019le ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fmadan sonra can\u0131na k\u0131yd\u0131. Bu olay, bireysel de\u011fil; d\u00f6nemin kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n somut bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Sovyetler tarihinde ge\u00e7erli olan temel yakla\u015f\u0131m, kad\u0131n sorununun s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesiyle do\u011fal olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fiydi. Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan hatalar, en \u00e7ok da kad\u0131n aleyhine olmu\u015ftur. Reel sosyalizm a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki, kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmeden toplum \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015femez.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr kad\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmeden kurulacak sistem uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olamaz, temelleri sa\u011flam olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc demokrasiden uzak, b\u00fcrokratik ve bask\u0131c\u0131 bir d\u00fczen, bireylerin yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayacak, toplumun geli\u015fimi \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olacak, insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve manevi d\u00fcnyas\u0131na cevap olamayacakt\u0131r.\u00a0 Ve manevi de\u011ferlerden yoksun olarak yarat\u0131lan bir toplum, sonu\u00e7ta kendi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sovyetler tarihinde ge\u00e7erli olan temel yakla\u015f\u0131m, kad\u0131n sorununun s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesiyle do\u011fal olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fiydi. Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan hatalar, en \u00e7ok da kad\u0131n aleyhine olmu\u015ftur. Reel sosyalizm a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki, kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmeden toplum \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015femez. Sosyalist bir devrim olma \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle, kad\u0131n\u0131n devrime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hangi d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funun incelenece\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir deneyim de Sovyet Devrimidir. Sovyet Devrimi\u2019nin kad\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hangi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8007,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/96168-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8005"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8011,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8005\/revisions\/8011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8005"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8005"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}