{"id":7858,"date":"2025-08-13T10:41:34","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T07:41:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=7858"},"modified":"2025-08-13T15:12:38","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T12:12:38","slug":"devletsiz-bir-dunya-icin-carpan-yurek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2025\/08\/13\/devletsiz-bir-dunya-icin-carpan-yurek\/","title":{"rendered":"Devletsiz Bir D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Pe\u015finde"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cHer ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konum insan\u0131n kalbini ve zihnini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 insan, politik veya ekonomik fark etmez\u00a0 zihnen ve kalben bozulmu\u015f insand\u0131r.\u201d Mikhail Bakunin\u2019in bu s\u00f6zleri, onun herhangi bir imtiyazl\u0131 konumu veya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kesin bi\u00e7imde reddetti\u011fini ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin, 1814 y\u0131l\u0131nda aristokrat bir Rus ailesinde do\u011fdu; ancak gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu sosyal adaletsizlikler, onu radikal bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Onu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini hayat\u0131yla ve eylemleriyle \u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f biri olarak tan\u0131mlamak yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. 1848 devrimci hareketlerinde, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede, Fransa\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde, 1849 Dresden Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019nda, Lyon isyanlar\u0131nda, zindanlarda, idam tehditlerinde, uzun s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda bu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin merkezinde toplumsal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vard\u0131r. Onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda adalet, e\u015fitlik ve kolektivizm \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. Bu konuda \u015f\u00f6yle der; \u2018\u2019Benim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve reddedilmesi \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, tam tersine di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc benim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn dayanak noktas\u0131 ve teyididir.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin\u2019e g\u00f6re devlet, insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engelleyen temel yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u00a0Devleti insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ona g\u00f6re devlet, iktidar ili\u015fkilerinin ve bask\u0131n\u0131n birincil arac\u0131d\u0131r ve mutlaka a\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Onun deyimiyle: \u201cDevletin hi\u00e7bir iyili\u011fi yoktur, sadece k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r.\u201d Devlet, ister mutlak monar\u015fi olsun, ister sosyalist olsun, bask\u0131 ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn arac\u0131d\u0131r. Devletin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 toplumsal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6n ko\u015fuludur.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin i\u00e7in sadece devlet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, t\u00fcm hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131larla m\u00fccadeledir. Onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tan\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fildir; her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hiyerar\u015finin yok edilmesidir.\u201d der. Yani uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131; devlet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, hiyerar\u015fiye ve otoriteye kar\u015f\u0131 radikal bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck duru\u015fudur onun anlay\u0131\u015f ve eylemi.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortak m\u00fclkiyetini savundu ve toplumun dayan\u0131\u015fma ile y\u00f6netilmesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylelikle ekonomik veya politik anlamda ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n ya\u015fanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumun \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesine sebep olan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm geli\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin ile Marx \u00f6zellikle devlet, hiyerar\u015fi ve merkeziyet\u00e7ilik konular\u0131nda ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferlerdi. Bakunin devleti tamamen yok etmeyi savunurken, Marx devleti s\u0131n\u0131f yok edilinceye kadar bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bakunin hiyerar\u015fi ve merkeziyet\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, Marx daha merkezi bir devrimci parti ve devlet arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sosyalizme ula\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin&#8217;in devrimci program\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemleri de onun prensiplerinden daha az anlaml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bakunin&#8217;in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir devrimci \u00f6zel bir ilgi veya duyguya izin vermeyen, din, vatanseverlik yahut ahl\u00e2k konusunda, onu kelimenin her anlam\u0131yla var olan toplumu alt\u00fcst etme g\u00f6revinden sapt\u0131racak hi\u00e7bir \u015f\u00fcphe ta\u015f\u0131mayan, sad\u0131k bir insan olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bakunin, toplumun ancak devrim yoluyla \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015febilece\u011fine inan\u0131r. Ezilenlerin do\u011frudan ayaklanmas\u0131 ve devrimci hareketlerle otoritenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Otoriter sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle demokrasi, adalet, e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesinde tarihte yer almakla kalmay\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz m\u00fccadelelerine de hem ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu, devrimin teorik-pratik zemininin in\u015fac\u0131lar\u0131ndan oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00d6nemli Eserleri<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>Tanr\u0131 ve Devlet<\/b><\/strong>&#8211; Din ve devlet ele\u015ftirisi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve otorite \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>Devlet ve Anar\u015fi <\/b><\/strong>&#8211; Devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve anar\u015fist toplum vizyonu<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>Federalizm, Sosyalizm ve Anar\u015fi &#8211;<\/b><\/strong>Toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>S\u00f6zleri<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018\u2019Otoriteye inanan, ister istemez k\u00f6le olur.\u2019\u2019<\/li>\n<li>\u2018\u2019\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma birbirinden ayr\u0131lamaz.\u2019\u2019<\/li>\n<li>\u2018\u2019\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, sosyalizm olmadan ayr\u0131cal\u0131k ve adaletsizliktir; sosyalizm de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck olmadan k\u00f6lelik ve gaddarl\u0131kt\u0131r.\u2019\u2019<\/li>\n<li>\u2018\u2019Devrimden sonras\u0131n\u0131 planlayan her kimse, gericidir.\u2019\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cHer ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konum insan\u0131n kalbini ve zihnini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 insan, politik veya ekonomik fark etmez\u00a0 zihnen ve kalben bozulmu\u015f insand\u0131r.\u201d Mikhail Bakunin\u2019in bu s\u00f6zleri, onun herhangi bir imtiyazl\u0131 konumu veya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kesin bi\u00e7imde reddetti\u011fini ortaya koyar. Bakunin, 1814 y\u0131l\u0131nda aristokrat bir Rus ailesinde do\u011fdu; ancak gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu sosyal adaletsizlikler, onu radikal bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sddefault.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7858"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7858\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7911,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7858\/revisions\/7911"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}