{"id":270,"date":"2024-03-13T15:34:39","date_gmt":"2024-03-13T12:34:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=270"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:00:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T12:00:29","slug":"komunal-ekonominin-insasi-ve-kooperatifler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2024\/03\/13\/komunal-ekonominin-insasi-ve-kooperatifler\/","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnal Ekonominin \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 ve Kooperatifler"},"content":{"rendered":"

HABER MERKEZ\u0130 –<\/strong> Ekonomi kavram\u0131 evrenseldir. T\u00fcm canl\u0131lar \u00e2leminde metabolizma olay\u0131ndaki madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin d\u00fczenlenmesi olarak en genel bir tan\u0131ma kavu\u015fturulabilir. Cans\u0131z maddeden canland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 madde elde etmek ve bunu t\u00fcketerek tekrar cans\u0131z maddeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ekonomik faaliyetin \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Toplumunda olu\u015fum ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmede bu faaliyetten yoksun kalamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Toplumun kendini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fat rol ekonomiye d\u00fc\u015fer. Toplum kendini ekonomi ekseninde do\u011fru temelde \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi zaman do\u011fru ekonomiye kavu\u015fabilir. \u0130lk olarak ekonomi kavram\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru ele al\u0131p de\u011ferlendirerek, do\u011fru bir ekonomiye var\u0131labilinir. Ekonomiyi toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve toplumsall\u0131k do\u011frultusunda ekonomiyi kendi \u00f6z\u00fcne kavu\u015fturmak gerekir.
\nEkonomi kelimesinin Yunanca anlam\u0131 \u201caile yasas\u0131, ev yasas\u0131, evi ge\u00e7indirme kurallar\u0131\u201d demektir. S\u00f6zc\u00fck olarak Antik \u00e7a\u011f Grek-Helen d\u00fcnyas\u0131na aittir. Eko-nomos, ev yasas\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler, ev i\u015fleri, kad\u0131na ait i\u015fler anlam\u0131na geliyor. Ekonomos, ekonomi, kad\u0131n i\u015fidir, \u00fcretime dayal\u0131d\u0131r, ekonomist ise bu i\u015fi yapand\u0131r, ekonomist kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Ailenin maddi ge\u00e7im kurallar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7evresini, malzeme ve di\u011fer materyallerini ifade etmektedir. Ekonomiyi sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan, anlaml\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek istiyorsak, en do\u011fru yakla\u015f\u0131m ekonomi bilimininde kad\u0131n biliminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak geli\u015ftirilmesi olacakt\u0131r. Ekonomi ba\u015ftan beri kad\u0131n\u0131n esas rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumsal faaliyet bi\u00e7imidir.
\nEkonomik sorun esas olarak kad\u0131n\u0131n ekonomiden d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Genelde uygarl\u0131k tarihinde, \u00f6zelde kapitalist modernitede kad\u0131n d\u0131\u015flan\u0131nca, kurnaz erkeklerin \u00fczerinde en \u00e7ok oynad\u0131klar\u0131 ekonomi bu nedenle sorunlar yuma\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Devlet\u00e7i uygarl\u0131k ve en son bi\u00e7imi kapitalist modernitenin toplum ve ekonomi \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu egemenlik, toplumun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve do\u011fan\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 sonucuna yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Sermaye-iktidar tekelleri, end\u00fcstriyalizm ile ekonomiyi \u00f6z\u00fcnden bo\u015faltarak, ekonomi ve ya\u015fama ait ne varsa nesnele\u015ftirmi\u015f, k\u00e2r, sermaye, istismar ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc konusu haline getirmi\u015ftir. Genelde son iki y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u00f6zelliklede son elli-altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m ve dengesizlik, toprak-hava ve sudaki geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez kirlenme, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00f6\u00e7 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde a\u00e7l\u0131k, yoksulluk ve i\u015fsizlik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ahl\u00e2k\u00ee yozla\u015fma, su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla t\u0131rmanmas\u0131, kitlesel d\u00fczeye varan intiharlar, kanserle\u015fme ve daha bir\u00e7ok tahribat, bu ger\u00e7eklikten kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.
\nKendi ekonomisi \u00fczerinde \u00f6z-y\u00f6netimini kaybeden toplum, t\u00fcm alanlarda da\u011f\u0131lmayla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortado\u011fu ise tar\u0131m-yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam devrimine \u00f6nderlik ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yapm\u0131\u015f, ekonomik toplum ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrdistan toplumu, sermaye-iktidar tekelleri ve i\u015fgalci ulus-devlet yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ekonomik olarak en \u00e7ok da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan, i\u015fsiz kalan, yoksulla\u015fan, yer alt\u0131 ve yer \u00fcst\u00fc do\u011fal zenginlikleri talan edilen, nan\u2019\u0131n vatan\u0131nda nans\u0131z kalan, kendi \u00fclkesinde m\u00fclteci ve ka\u00e7ak olan, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015fe en a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda ko\u015fturulan, \u00fcstelikde kendi de\u011ferleri ve eme\u011fi \u00fczerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye alet edilen bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi ifade etmektedir.
\nKapitalist modernitenin ve ulus-devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n topluma uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131mla birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ekonomik soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 demokratik modernitede kendi ekonomi sistemini, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ve eylemini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak durumundad\u0131r. Bu temelde olu\u015fturulacak temel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerden biri de kooperatiflerdir. Ancak kooperatif \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak incelenip ahl\u00e2k\u00ee-politik toplumun geli\u015fimini destekleyen, demokratik moderniteye \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir kooperatif modeline ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, b\u00f6yle bir kooperatifin zihniyeti, anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ilkelerini olu\u015fturmak, temel felsefesi ve mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Hakim kapitalist moderniteye kar\u015f\u0131, Demokratik modernitenin bir di\u011fer prensibi ise kom\u00fcnal ekonomiye dayal\u0131 ekolojik end\u00fcstri ve kooperatifler kurmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnal Ekonominin kendi \u00f6z\u00fcne kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnal ekonomi, demokratik-ekolojik-kad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bu anlamda ekonominin kendi \u00f6z\u00fcne kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131, yani tekrar toplumun do\u011fal geli\u015fme seyrine hizmet edebilmesi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek anlamda toplumsal bir alan d\u00fczeyine getirilmesi gerekir. Ekonomi, ba\u015fta onun ger\u00e7ek yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kad\u0131n-erkek, t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7iler olmak \u00fczere ekonomiden d\u0131\u015flanan t\u00fcm toplumsal kesimlerin tekrar denetiminde olan, ortak bir ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sistemin kurulmas\u0131 ile ancak kom\u00fcnal ekonomi anlam\u0131n\u0131 kazanabilir. Kom\u00fcnal ekonomi, toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu, bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n miktarlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri, bunlar\u0131n hangi y\u00f6ntemler ve ara\u00e7larla, hangi ilke ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131na ortak, do\u011frudan karar veren demokratik bir sistemdir.
\nEkolojik-ekonomik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131nda toplumsal \u00fcretimlerde kom\u00fcn \u2013 kooperatifler esas al\u0131n\u0131r ve buna y\u00f6nelik toplumun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 yine toplum kendisi uygular. Ekonominin iki temel alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar, \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Her iki alan \u00fczerinde toplumsal bir denetim sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde ekonomi tamamen kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Burada kapitalist devletin hukuk ve yasalar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. Kom\u00fcnal ekonomi demokratik bir sistem ve toplumun denetiminde oldu\u011fundan, ilke ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler, ekonomi yasalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yine toplum taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir ve herkes bu yasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kom\u00fcn – kooperatiflere kat\u0131l\u0131r.
\nEkonomiyi ekonomi k\u0131lan temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama ve bunu yaparken de ekoloji kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 haline gelmemesidir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan ku\u015fkusuz ahlaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerin suistimal edilmemesidir. Ahlak\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde ne \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olur ne de, tekelci kar-sermayenin eli olur. Ahlak ve politika, kom\u00fcnal ekonomik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131nda olmazsa olmaz\u0131d\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnal ekonomide, insanlar i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sayesinde ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in imece yolunu se\u00e7erler. Herkes bu i\u015f birli\u011fi ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sayesinde kendi alan\u0131nda uzmanla\u015f\u0131r. Salt ekonomide de\u011fil, zanaat, ticaret, bilim, e\u011fitim, y\u00f6netim, genel hizmetler gibi faaliyet alanlar\u0131da do\u011far. Bu alanlar\u0131 kooperatif alan\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctleyerek toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanabilinir. Bunun i\u00e7in ilk olarak kooperatifin toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu toplumsal de\u011ferler do\u011frultusunda kendi \u00f6z\u00fcne kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Kooperatifin Tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kooperatif kavram\u0131, latince yard\u0131mla\u015fma, ortakl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelen \u201ccooperatio\u201ddan gelir. Bu temelde gerek toplumsal ekonomide ve gerekse de devletlerin yasalar\u0131nda bu kavramdan yola \u00e7\u0131kan ve aralar\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olan tan\u0131mlamalar vard\u0131r.
\nEkonominin, toplumun temel var olu\u015f bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde; kooperatif, \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle bir toplumsal ekonomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Kooperatif, bir grubun veya toplumun birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131da i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde ekonomik faaliyetlerini birlikte \u00fcretim, payla\u015f\u0131m ve kullan\u0131m \u00fczerinde in\u015fa etmesidir. Bir kooperatifi olu\u015fturacak toplulukta, toplumun do\u011fas\u0131nda var olan sevgi, sayg\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m, dayan\u0131\u015fma, ortakla\u015fma, yard\u0131mla\u015fma, empati, birbirini tamamlama gibi de\u011ferler \u00f6nemli oranda korunmaktad\u0131r. Kooperatif, bu de\u011ferleri ve \u00f6z-y\u00f6netimi esas alarak ekonomik faaliyetlerin d\u00fczenlenmesi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlendirilmesi ve y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesidir.
\nBu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle asl\u0131nda kooperatif, toplumun ahlaki-politik dokular\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir sosyo-ekonomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Kooperatif, bir toplulu\u011fun veya toplumun eme\u011fini, yeteneklerini ve elindeki ekonomik imkanlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek ya\u015famsal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 temin etti\u011fi, \u00fcretti\u011fi; b\u00f6ylece kendisini devletin ve sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bask\u0131lar\u0131na ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savundu\u011fu bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de kooperatif, toplumsal temelde en verimli ekonomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Kooperatif, bir toplulu\u011fun veya toplumun kendi ekonomik faaliyetlerini demokratik \u00f6z-y\u00f6netim temelinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlemesi ve d\u00fczenlemesi; ekonominin demokratik temelde in\u015fa edilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Devletlerin Kooperatif Tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 devletlerin yasalar\u0131nda kooperatifler \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r; 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Hollanda Kooperatifler Yasas\u0131nda kooperatif; \u201c Ortaklar\u0131n girmelerinin ve \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131n serbest oldu\u011fu, ortaklar\u0131n i\u015flerini birle\u015ftirerek onlar\u0131n gereksinim duyduklar\u0131 maddeleri sat\u0131n alan ya da kredi sa\u011flayan, ortaklar\u0131n ekonomik haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. 1942 tarihli \u0130talyan yurtta\u015flar yasas\u0131nda; \u201c Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden, de\u011fi\u015fik sermayeli, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ortakl\u0131, ortaklar\u0131n en \u00e7ok pay\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u201d bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilir. Alman yasalar\u0131nda kooperatifin; \u2019\u2019Ortak bir i\u015fletme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortaklar\u0131n tar\u0131msal ve ekonomik gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere kurulmu\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ortakl\u0131 \u015firketler\u201ddir. Frans\u0131z kooperatif yasas\u0131nda ise; \u201dortaklar lehine olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 mal ve hizmetlerin maaliyet fiyat\u0131n\u0131, gerekirse sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131 ortak \u00e7abalarla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, ortaklara sa\u011flanan ya da ortaklarca \u00fcretilip sat\u0131lan mal ve hizmetlerin kalitesini d\u00fczeltecek olan \u015firketler\u201d dir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise kooperatif, 1163 say\u0131l\u0131 yasada; \u201c T\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olan, ortaklar\u0131n ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131, meslek ve ge\u00e7imlerine ili\u015fkin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve kefalet yoluyla sa\u011flamak, koruma ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ger\u00e7ek ve kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri, \u00f6zel idareler, belediyeler, k\u00f6yler, cemiyetler ve dernekler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan, de\u011fi\u015fir ortakl\u0131 ve sermayeli kurulu\u015flar\u201d bi\u00e7iminde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kooperatifin Tarihsel-Toplumsal K\u00f6keni:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kooperatiflerin 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geli\u015fti\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak bu belirleme, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki modern kooperatifleri tan\u0131mlar.
\nKooperatif, esasta ahl\u00e2ki-politik toplumun kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n, ekonomik faaliyetlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imine yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yani, kooperatifi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan, kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve de\u011ferleridir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kooperatifin k\u00f6keni \u00e7ok daha eskilere; toplumsalla\u015fman\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerine kadar uzan\u0131r. Kooperatif gelene\u011fi, Ortado\u011fu ve K\u00fcrdistan jeo-k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve geli\u015fim sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m-yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7i\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda ilk kooperatif \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kooperatiflerin de temel de\u011ferlerinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131 ve mekan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrle birlikte kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fan ortak \u00fcretim, ihtiyaca g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m, kendine yeterlilik, ekolojik duyarl\u0131l\u0131k, bireysel ve kolektif sorumluluk temelinde ekonomik faaliyetlerin ahenkli \u00f6rg\u00fctlendirilmesi; i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, payla\u015f\u0131m, dayan\u0131\u015fma, \u00fcretim sevinci, toplumsal-bilin\u00e7li ve \u00fcretici emek anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, hamdetme gibi de\u011ferler olmasayd\u0131, son iki y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k kom\u00fcn-kooperatif modelleri hangi de\u011ferlere dayanarak kurulabileceklerdi?
\nKooperatifin temelini te\u015fkil eden; eldeki imkanlar\u0131 en verimli \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirerek kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 temin etme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131; bunun i\u00e7in kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00fcretme ve payla\u015fma; dayan\u0131\u015fma, yard\u0131mla\u015fma gibi temel de\u011ferler \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle tar\u0131m-yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ama\u00e7 ve de\u011ferler temelinde toplumsal i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, ekonomik faaliyetlerin d\u00fczenlenmesi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve y\u00f6netilmesi tarihte ilk kez ve en kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Duygusal ak\u0131l ile analitik akl\u0131n, toplumsal ve ekolojik temelde uyumunun eseri olan bu ekonomi sisteminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadarda kom\u00fcnal toplumun temel de\u011ferleri olagelmi\u015flerdir. K\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki Karaz ( Amed ), \u00c7em\u00eanHallan ve \u00c7em\u00eaKoteBer ( \u00calih ); Anadolu\u2019daki \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck ve daha bir\u00e7ok tarihi yerle\u015fke bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda devlet de bu de\u011ferleri gasp ederek ve i\u00e7eriklerini bo\u015faltarak kendisini kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kooperatifin temeli olan ekonomi ahl\u00e2k\u0131da denebilecek olan kom\u00fcnal ekonomi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve de\u011ferleri, devletin kurulu\u015fundan sonra ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ya\u015fat\u0131l\u0131p korunabilmi\u015flerdir. Kooperatifin k\u00f6k h\u00fccreleri ve gelene\u011fi toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131nda, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallara ve ekonomi yasalar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f ama \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ahl\u00e2k\u00ee de\u011ferler ve yasalar olarak ya\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ya\u015fat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130mece gelene\u011fi, tar\u0131m-hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k festivalleri, ekim ve hasat g\u00fcnlerindeki da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m etkinlikleri, dayan\u0131\u015fma, yard\u0131mla\u015fma, kom\u015fu dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve daha bir\u00e7ok de\u011fer, \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle kooperatif k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilidir.
\nKooperatif gelene\u011fi, sadece toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n do\u011fal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ve g\u00f6zeneklerinde de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc, sistemli ekonomi formlar\u0131 olarak da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demokratik modernitenin sosyo-ekonomik cephesinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve kapsaml\u0131 etkilere yol a\u00e7an bu deneyimler, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar da ta\u015f\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HABER MERKEZ\u0130 – Ekonomi kavram\u0131 evrenseldir. T\u00fcm canl\u0131lar \u00e2leminde metabolizma olay\u0131ndaki madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin d\u00fczenlenmesi olarak en genel bir tan\u0131ma kavu\u015fturulabilir. Cans\u0131z maddeden canland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 madde elde etmek ve bunu t\u00fcketerek tekrar cans\u0131z maddeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ekonomik faaliyetin \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Toplumunda olu\u015fum ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmede bu faaliyetten yoksun kalamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Toplumun kendini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fat rol ekonomiye d\u00fc\u015fer. Toplum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":271,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0","format":"standard","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"0","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[{"good_text":""}],"bad":[{"bad_text":""}],"score_override":"0","override_value":"","rating":[{"rating_text":"","rating_number":"10"}],"price":[{"shop":"","price":"","link":"","icon":""}],"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ceviri4.jpeg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=270"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7343,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270\/revisions\/7343"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=270"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=270"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}