{"id":1300,"date":"2024-05-26T10:43:24","date_gmt":"2024-05-26T07:43:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=1300"},"modified":"2025-02-23T10:57:37","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T07:57:37","slug":"komun-kooperatif-meclis-uzerine-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2024\/05\/26\/komun-kooperatif-meclis-uzerine-1\/","title":{"rendered":"KOM\u00dcN-KOOPERAT\u0130F-MECL\u0130S \u00dcZER\u0130NE -1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>HABER MERKEZ\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>KOM\u00dcN:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kom\u00fcn ortakla\u015fa ve payla\u015fma ekseninde olu\u015fturulan, belli de\u011ferler do\u011frultusunda ya\u015famay\u0131 tercih eden ve belirli say\u0131da \u00fcyesi bulunan topluluklard\u0131r. Kelime anlam\u0131 Latincede payla\u015fmak demek olan communis k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011ferler ekonominin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ibadet etmeye kadar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olabilir. M\u00fclkiyetin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda hiyerar\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 ile al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ekolojik ya\u015fam gibi ilkeler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kom\u00fcnlerinde en \u00e7ok ortakla\u015f\u0131lan de\u011ferler olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada kom\u00fcnlerin tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinen, kendisi de bir kom\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan profes\u00f6r Yaacov Oved, kom\u00fcn\u00fc \u201c\u00fcyelerinin h\u00fcr iradeleriyle herkesten yetene\u011fine, herkese ihtiyac\u0131 kadar\u201dilkesiyle payla\u015f\u0131lan bir ya\u015fam\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011fi otonom bir topluluk olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihine bakarsak asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok da eskidir diyebiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin ilkel kom\u00fcnal toplum yakla\u015f\u0131k insanl\u0131k tarihinde 2.5 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu da insanl\u0131k tarihinin %97.5\u2019una tekab\u00fcl eder. Her ne kadar buradaki kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam bilin\u00e7li olmaktan ziyade \u015fartlar\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi bir toplu ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi olsa da bu ya\u015fama bizler ilkel kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam diyoruz. Demekki kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam insanl\u0131k tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kom\u00fcnal bir ya\u015famda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini bizlere \u00f6\u011fretiyor. Kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam\u0131 asl\u0131nda her yerde g\u00f6rebiliriz. K\u00f6ylerde, kasabalarda, \u015fehirlerde asl\u0131nda kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam\u0131n bir de\u011fi\u015fik versiyonudur. \u0130nsanlar toplu olmadan birbirinden yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fayamazlar. Birbirlerine zorunlu ihtiya\u00e7 her y\u00f6nden ve her alanda vard\u0131r. Tabi bu zorunlu ihtiya\u00e7 daha \u00e7ok ya\u015famsal varolu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme ve soylar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7indir. Ancak bu ya\u015fam i\u00e7lerinde belirli bir amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re ayarlay\u0131p de\u011fi\u015ftiren kas\u0131tl\u0131 toplum dedi\u011fimiz belli topluluklarda bilin\u00e7li kom\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturarak sadece zorunlu ihtiya\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 de\u011fil kapitalist modernitenin bireyci, vah\u015fi ve i\u011fren\u00e7 ya\u015fam\u0131nda korunma ve ona alternatif olma anlam\u0131nda bir kom\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tarihte bir \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiklerini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Hem dinsel anlamda hem siyasal hemde ekonomik anlamda olu\u015fturulan bu kom\u00fcnler; bazen kurulu d\u00fczen taraf\u0131ndan ac\u0131mas\u0131zca katliamlara u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00fczerlerinde yo\u011fun bask\u0131 kurularak i\u015fkenceler pahas\u0131na vazge\u00e7irilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine mevcut d\u00fczene alternatif siyasal anlamda kom\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131 daha da geli\u015ftirilerek tarihte Paris kom\u00fcn\u00fc diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi kom\u00fcn\u00fcn hayata ge\u00e7irilmesine de sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>PAR\u0130S KOM\u00dcN\u00dc: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Paris kom\u00fcn\u00fc 18 Mart\u2019tan 28 May\u0131s 1871\u2019e kadar Paris\u2019te iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren bir Frans\u0131z devrimci h\u00fck\u00fcmetiydi. 1870-71Rransa-Prusya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar Paris&#8217;i savundu ve askerler aras\u0131nda \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 radikalizmi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Eyl\u00fcl 1870&#8217;te 3. Cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Mart 1871&#8217;de Frans\u0131z Ordusunun Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan tamamen yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z askerleri 18 Mart&#8217;ta \u015fehrin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi. 2 Frans\u0131z generalini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler ve 3.Cumhuriyet&#8217;in otoritesini kabul etmeyi reddettiler, bunun yerine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Kom\u00fcn, Paris&#8217;i 2 ay boyunca y\u00f6netti ve 19.yy\u2019dan kalma bir\u00e7ok okulun eklektik bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan, kendi tarz\u0131na sahip sosyalizmin ilerici, din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 sisteme y\u00f6nelik politikalar olu\u015fturdu. Bu politikalar aras\u0131nda kilise ile devletin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 , \u00f6z denetim kiran\u0131n hafifletilmesi, \u00e7ocuk i\u015fcili\u011finin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sahibi taraf\u0131ndan terk edilen bir i\u015fletmeyi devralma yer al\u0131yordu. T\u00fcm Roma Katolik kiliseleri ve okullar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Feminist, sosyalist, kominist eski tarz sosyal demokrasi ve anar\u015fist ak\u0131mlar Kom\u00fcn&#8217;de \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte, 21 May\u0131s 1871&#8217;de ba\u015flayan\u00a0<em><i>La semaine sanglante<\/i><\/em> (Kanl\u0131 Hafta) s\u0131ras\u0131nda, May\u0131s ay\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, ulusal Frans\u0131z Ordusu Kom\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131rana kadar, \u00e7e\u015fitli kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131n kendi hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in 2 aydan biraz fazla zamanlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Ordu Ul0usal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve tahminen 10.000 ila 15.000 Kom\u00fcnc\u00fcy\u00fc h\u0131zla idam etti, daha sonraki tahminler \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 20.000&#8217;e kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Kom\u00fcn, son g\u00fcnlerinde Paris Ba\u015fpiskoposu Georges Darboy ile \u00e7o\u011fu jandarma ve rahip olmak \u00fczere yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz rehineyi idam etti. 1054&#8217;\u00fc kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere 43.522 Kom\u00fcnar esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 h\u0131zla serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 15 bin ki\u015fi yarg\u0131land\u0131, bunlar\u0131n 13.500&#8217;\u00fc su\u00e7lu bulundu. 95\u2019i \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na, 251&#8217;i zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve 1.169&#8217;u s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmeye mahk\u00fbm edildi. Liderlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu da dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer binlerce Kom\u00fcn \u00fcyesi yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130ngiltere, Bel\u00e7ika ve \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;ye ka\u00e7t\u0131. T\u00fcm mahk\u00fbmlar ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler 1880&#8217;de affedildi ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 daha sonra siyasi kariyerlerine devam etti.<\/p>\n<p>Sonras\u0131ndaki tarih\u00e7iler hatta sa\u011f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc olanlar bile kom\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniliklerinin de\u011ferini kavram\u0131\u015f ve onun vah\u015fice yok edilmesine \u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bununla birlikte kom\u00fcn\u00fcn orta ve y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131flarda o zamana kadar benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir nefret yaratmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebini daha iyi anlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Kom\u00fcnistler, sosyalistler, anar\u015fistler ve di\u011ferleri Kom\u00fcn\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasi temelindeki bir sistem \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir toplumun ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Marx ve Engels, Bakunin ve daha sonra Lenin ve Tro\u00e7ki Kom\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zellikle de devletin s\u00f6n\u00fcmlenmesi konusunda kuramsal dersler \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u0130BBUTZ:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Paris kom\u00fcn\u00fcnden sonra tarihte di\u011fer kom\u00fcn, kooperatif ve meclis \u00f6rneklerine ge\u00e7ersek \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Kooperatif \u00a0latince ortakla\u015fa, yard\u0131mla\u015fma demektir. \u0130ngiliz Robert Owen\u2019in fabrika sat\u0131n almas\u0131 ve halk\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 1799\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Owen, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in kolektif tasarruf sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7 temin ma\u011fazas\u0131 a\u00e7ar. \u00dcretim ve t\u00fcketim ortak geli\u015ftirilir. Ortak ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 kurulur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 k\u0131smi bir kom\u00fcn ortam\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<p>Yine di\u011fer bir kom\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fi de Kibbutzlard\u0131r. Kibutz \u0130branice de topluluk, birliktelik anlam\u0131na gelir. Joseph Bozat isimli \u00e7ift\u00e7i Yahudi 1909\u2019da ilk Kibbutz\u2019u olu\u015fturur. \u00a0Tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 kolektif \u00e7iftlikler 300-700 aileyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Kibbutz\u2019un t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri genel meclisi olu\u015fturur. Toplumun t\u00fcm sorunlar\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 genel mecliste se\u00e7ilen komitelerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu komiteler imar, sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, mali, k\u00fclt\u00fcr komiteleridir. Haftada bir toplant\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Komiteler ve y\u00f6netim meclis taraf\u0131ndan denetlenir. Yeme, i\u00e7me, temizlik, \u00e7ocuk e\u011fitimi gibi imkanlardan t\u00fcm topluluk yararlan\u0131r. Ailedeki kad\u0131n ve erkekler kolektif faaliyetlere kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Binalar ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kolektif m\u00fclkiyetindir. Elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler ortak maliyeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lara g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131ysa sat\u0131l\u0131r. Gelirin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ihtiya\u00e7 fonlar\u0131na, geriye kalanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara \u00fccret olarak \u00f6denir. Yerle\u015fimci evini satamaz, kiraya vermez. Haftan\u0131n 6 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma vard\u0131r. 1970\u2019ler Kibbutzlar tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 imalat, plastik, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve metal gere\u00e7ler \u00fcrettiler. 1980\u2019lerde Neo liberalizmden etkilenerek yozla\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130srail\u2019in %25\u2019i kibutzlardan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>MONDRAGON KOOPERAT\u0130F\u0130-BASK \u00dcLKES\u0130-\u0130SPANYA:<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bilbao\u2019daki Mondragon \u015fehrinde papaz Jose Marie Arizmend Aretta \u00f6nce kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam i\u00e7in ve dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in halk\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131yla meslek okulu a\u00e7ar. Bu okul kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin zihniyet kurumla\u015fmas\u0131 haline gelir.<\/p>\n<p>Halktan toplanan para ile soba \u00fcretimi yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir fabrika kurar. 1959\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan halk\u0131n bankas\u0131n\u0131 kurar, arkas\u0131ndan bir sigorta \u015firketi kurar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesiyle 1969\u2019da kooperatif ma\u011fazalar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck en b\u00fcy\u00fck kooperatiflerinden biri olur. 1970\u2019lerin ortas\u0131nda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcs\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131larak teknik yeniliklerin uygulanmas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Mondragon kooperatifi demokratik \u00f6rg\u00fct, \u00f6z y\u00f6netimden olu\u015fuyordu. Sermayeyi ikincil ara\u00e7lar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr, kazanc\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131. Toplumsall\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu ve evrensel insani de\u011ferleri savunmu\u015ftur. Kooperatif \u00fcyeleri, y\u00f6netim kurulunu ve denetim kurulunu se\u00e7erler. Y\u00f6netim kurulu kooperatifin \u00fcst y\u00f6netimini se\u00e7er. Kooperatif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011finden i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe de, patronlu\u011fa da yer yoktur. Elde edilen kazanc\u0131n %10\u2019u toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Geri kalan\u0131 ortak fona, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131 da \u00fcyelerin hesab\u0131na aktar\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcye kooperatiften ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendi hesab\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Mondragon kooperatifler birli\u011finin 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re 7 \u00fclkede 105 fabrika, 289 \u015firket, 80 bin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, 41 \u00fclkede de yan kurulu\u015flar ve ofisleri bulunur. Kooperatif; toplumun birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7inde ekonomi faaliyetlerini birlikte \u00fcretim, payla\u015f\u0131m ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde in\u015fa etmesidir. Toplumun politik ve ahlaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan sosyal-ekonomik bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedir. Devletin ve sermayenin bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu topluluk eme\u011fini, yetene\u011fini ve ekonomik imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek kendi ya\u015famsal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da kar\u015f\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>LARZAC TOPLULU\u011eU:<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Larzacl\u0131lar 1980\u2019lerde kom\u00fcnal toplulu\u011funu Fransa\u2019ya kabul ettirdiler. E\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, ekonomide \u00f6zerk temelde kendilerini \u00f6rg\u00fctlediler. R\u00fczgar enerjisi, okul, hastane, mand\u0131ra, f\u0131r\u0131nla temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>BREZ\u0130LYA-MST(Topraks\u0131z K\u00f6yl\u00fcler):<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u015eirketlerin gasp etti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 toplumun kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve denetimine ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. 1979\u2019da kurtulmu\u015ftur. 90\u2019larda geni\u015f halk kesimine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>HABER MERKEZ\u0130 KOM\u00dcN: Kom\u00fcn ortakla\u015fa ve payla\u015fma ekseninde olu\u015fturulan, belli de\u011ferler do\u011frultusunda ya\u015famay\u0131 tercih eden ve belirli say\u0131da \u00fcyesi bulunan topluluklard\u0131r. Kelime anlam\u0131 Latincede payla\u015fmak demek olan communis k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011ferler ekonominin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ibadet etmeye kadar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olabilir. 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