Meksika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki kadim topraklar\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve yoksulla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir halk; ayn\u0131 zamanda tarihleri boyunca direnmi\u015f onurlu bir halk. \u00d6nc\u00fcleri Zapata\u2019n\u0131n hep bir isyan ve \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k oldu\u011funu, onu takip edeceklerini s\u00f6yleyip da\u011flara \u00e7\u0131karak direnenler…<\/p>\n
Yar\u0131 yerli yar\u0131 Avrupa k\u00f6kenli olan Emiliano Zapata, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yerli halk\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan eden Diaz diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sorunlar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve demokratik yollarla \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; ama \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermez ve susmas\u0131 i\u00e7in askere al\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra firar eden Zapata, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin tarlalar\u0131na el konuldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcnce 80 ki\u015filik bir silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturur. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan el konulan tarlalar\u0131 geri al\u0131p halka devreder. Halk, komite ve meclislerle topraklar\u0131n\u0131 korur ve bu d\u00f6nemde Zapata, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir lider konumuna gelir.<\/p>\n
Meksika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ayaklanmalar art\u0131nca rejim, direni\u015fi k\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u015fiddetle halk\u0131n \u00fczerine gider. Zapata sorunlar\u0131 yine diyalogla \u00e7\u00f6zme yanl\u0131s\u0131 olsa da sonu\u00e7 alamay\u0131nca k\u00f6yl\u00fc halktan bir gerilla hareketi olu\u015fturur; bu \u015fekilde bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6z y\u00f6netim direni\u015fi ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Madero liderli\u011findeki Meksika Devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir; diktat\u00f6r Diaz istifa edip \u00fclkeyi terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Zapatistalar, Madero\u2019dan toprak reformunu bekler; ancak Madero ba\u015fkan olduktan sonra halktan kopar ve beklentileri kar\u015f\u0131lamaz. Bundan sonra Zapata ve yolda\u015flar\u0131, topraklar\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fclere e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Ayala Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Burada art\u0131k “devrim” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ge\u00e7er; halk\u0131n gasp edilen toprak ve sular\u0131na silah\u0131yla sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, yerel k\u00f6ylerin kendi \u00f6z y\u00f6netim hukukuna g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015famas\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyetin toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 hedefleri somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zapatistalar\u0131n \u00fczerine yemin etti\u011fi plan a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gerilla hareketinde 20 bin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 vard\u0131r. Zapata bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te de m\u00fczakere i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar; ancak devletin ad\u0131m atmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bu sefer askeri eylemlere yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131na kadarki d\u00f6nem kimi zaman sakin, kimi zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ge\u00e7er; ama halk bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yeni ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya ve d\u00fczenlemeye devam eder. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda, darbeyle gelmi\u015f yeni rejimin kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyan Zapata, kendine yak\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir subay ile ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7mek ister. Ancak bunu duyan General Gonzales’in emriyle hareket eden Albay Guajardo, 10 Nisan 1919\u2019da Zapata\u2019y\u0131 kalle\u015f\u00e7e bir pusu ile katleder.<\/p>\n
Zapata\u2019n\u0131n vurulmas\u0131ndan sonra halk\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi uzun s\u00fcre zay\u0131f kal\u0131r; el de\u011fi\u015ftiren y\u00f6netim halk\u0131 yine k\u00f6le gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Daha sonra \u201cBirileri bir yerden ba\u015fka bir yere gidebilsin diye var olan bu yolun ta kendisiyiz biz. Herkesin yolunun bir ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, bir de sonu vard\u0131r; ama yollar\u0131n ya da bizim ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131m\u0131z ve sonumuz yoktur. Her \u015fey herkese, kendimize hi\u00e7bir \u015fey. Yol biz oldu\u011fumuz i\u00e7in devam etmeliyiz,\u201d diyen bir avu\u00e7 direni\u015f\u00e7i, 17 Kas\u0131m 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda Meksika\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindeki FLN (Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f G\u00fc\u00e7leri) \u00fcyeleri Chiapas yerlileriyle birle\u015ferek EZLN\u2019yi (Zapatista Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu) kurarlar. \u0130lk ba\u015fta Marksist-Leninist bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak kurulsa da Chiapas da\u011flar\u0131ndaki yerli halk\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle harmanlanarak kendine has, hiyerar\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir kimli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Zapatistalar, hareketlerini kurduktan sonra da\u011flarda on y\u0131l s\u00fcren gizli bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irirler. Taleplerini dile getirecekleri yasal yollar kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ba\u015fka bir yol denemek zorunda kal\u0131rlar. 1 Ocak 1994 gece yar\u0131s\u0131; Meksika, ABD ve Kanada aras\u0131nda imzalanan NAFTA anla\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yeni y\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131yla Zapatistalar; 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn son bulmas\u0131n\u0131, kendi y\u00f6netim ve ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak istediklerini s\u00f6yleyerek Meksika h\u00fck\u00fcmetine sava\u015f ilan ederler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu ayaklanmayla birlikte, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n komutanl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinde temsil edildi\u011fi ve ‘Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Devrimci Yasas\u0131’ ile cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011finin g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015ftu\u011fu yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
Zapatistalar, Aral\u0131k 1995\u2019ten itibaren askeri ku\u015fatma ve d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen bir t\u00fcr \u00f6zerklik yaratmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rlar. Merkezi talepleri olan yerli halklar\u0131n otonomisi i\u00e7in 1996\u2019da imzalanan San Andres Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na bu hakk\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirler; ancak Meksika Kongresi bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 kanuna \u00e7evirmez. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen yeni Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Vicente Fox\u2019un “15 dakikada \u00e7\u00f6zece\u011fim” dedi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm beklentisi de bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar. Meksika h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve ordusunun 2000’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar yo\u011funla\u015fan operasyonlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Zapatistalar\u0131n etkisi azalmak yerine daha da artar. Bunun \u00fczerine A\u011fustos 2003\u2019te, San Andres Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tek tarafl\u0131 uygulayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 deklare ederek “\u0130yi H\u00fck\u00fcmet Konseyleri”ni ve “Caracoles” (Salyangozlar) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri b\u00f6lgesel merkezleri kurarlar.<\/p>\n
2001\u2019de, Komutan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Marcos ve 25 Zapatista komutan\u0131, halktan y\u00fczlerce delege ile Meksika\u2019n\u0131n yeni y\u00f6netimiyle sorunlar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yolla \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere Mexico City\u2019ye y\u00fcr\u00fcrler. B\u00f6ylece Hidalgo\u2019daki Tepatepec Meydan\u0131\u2019nda yeni bir efsane ba\u015flar. Uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca b\u00f6lgeye tek bir damla ya\u011fmur d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015fken, Marcos\u2019un konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an ya\u011fmur bast\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yerli olmay\u0131p yerlilerin kavgas\u0131na insanl\u0131k ad\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fini ve bunu tarihi bir g\u00f6rev olarak kabul etti\u011fini belirten ve bug\u00fcn unvan\u0131n\u0131 “\u0130syanc\u0131 Kaptan” olarak ta\u015f\u0131yan Marcos; bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn “toprak renkli” insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc oldu\u011funu, bu insanlar\u0131n Meksika \u00fclkesinden hem onurlu bir hayat s\u00fcrmek hem de birer vatanda\u015f olarak t\u00fcm haklardan faydalanabilmek i\u00e7in adalet talep ettiklerini s\u00f6yler. Ne yaz\u0131k ki y\u00fczbinlerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmaz. H\u00fck\u00fcmet verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zlerin bir\u00e7o\u011funu yerine getirmez ama: \u201c\u0130syanc\u0131lar birbirini arar. Birbirine do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcr\u2026 Kendilerini tan\u0131maya\u2026 ve yorucu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flarlar; \u015fu an gerekti\u011fi gibi, yani m\u00fccadele ederek y\u00fcr\u00fcmek,\u201d diyerek m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr ucundaki Zapatistalar ile K\u00fcrt \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketi bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan birbirine benziyor. \u0130ki hareket de sorunlar\u0131n yerel boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katarak kapitalist modernite d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir alternatif yaratma iradesini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. K\u00fcrt Halk \u00d6nderi Abdullah \u00d6calan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi \u00f6z savunman\u0131n temeli olarak g\u00f6rmesi gibi, Zapatistalar da herkese nerede olursa olsun “mutlaka \u00f6rg\u00fctlenin” \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapar. Marcos\u2019un halk\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131, ya\u015fama dair kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, \u00d6calan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131ndaki \u00fcslubuyla benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda binlerce kilometre olsa da Zapatistalar ve K\u00fcrtler, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc e\u015f zamanl\u0131 yaz\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn ise Zapatistalar; t\u00fcm zorluk ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara ra\u011fmen Chiapas’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde kendi okullar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezleri ve tar\u0131m kooperatifleriyle otonom ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, “\u0130yi H\u00fck\u00fcmet Konseyleri”ni feshedip daha demokratik ve tabandan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen “Yerel \u00d6zerk H\u00fck\u00fcmetler” (GAL) modeline ge\u00e7erek m\u00fccadelelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Bununla t\u0131pk\u0131 K\u00fcrt \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketinin paradigma ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sisteminde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler gibi direni\u015fi s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcncelleme kabiliyetlerini g\u00f6steriyorlar. Zapatistalar, b\u00f6ylece modernitenin k\u00fcresel krizlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yeni direni\u015f bi\u00e7imleri ve yap\u0131lanmalar geli\u015ftirmeye devam ediyorlar.<\/p>\n
\u201cEZLN\u2019nin ilk k\u00f6kl\u00fc eylemi, dinlemeyi ve konu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmektir,\u201d diyor Zapatistalar. Halklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir ya\u015fam istedi\u011fini biliyor ve bug\u00fcn bunun i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmeye devam ediyorlar. Hedefleri bir h\u00fck\u00fcmeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek veya iktidar olmak de\u011fil; kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00f6zerk sistemlerini korumak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015famak istiyorlar. Don Ki\u015fot’un Alonso Quijano’sunun “Deliydim ama \u015fimdi ak\u0131lland\u0131m” s\u00f6z\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131; Marcos\u2019un deyimiyle, “Bu delili\u011fin i\u00e7inde olmal\u0131 ve asla ak\u0131lland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6ylememeliyiz” inanc\u0131 ile m\u00fccadele ediyorlar.<\/p>\n
Melisa Kaya<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Meksika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki kadim topraklar\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve yoksulla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir halk; ayn\u0131 zamanda tarihleri boyunca direnmi\u015f onurlu bir halk. \u00d6nc\u00fcleri Zapata\u2019n\u0131n hep bir isyan ve \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k oldu\u011funu, onu takip edeceklerini s\u00f6yleyip da\u011flara \u00e7\u0131karak direnenler… Yar\u0131 yerli yar\u0131 Avrupa k\u00f6kenli olan Emiliano Zapata, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yerli halk\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan eden Diaz diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sorunlar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve demokratik yollarla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11508,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genc-kalemler","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/photo_2026-05-05_12-54-10.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11056"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11056\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11515,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11056\/revisions\/11515"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11508"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}