{"id":10890,"date":"2026-04-05T09:53:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T06:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=10890"},"modified":"2026-04-05T10:48:16","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T07:48:16","slug":"dunya-komun-deneyimleri-2-comuneros-isyani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2026\/04\/05\/dunya-komun-deneyimleri-2-comuneros-isyani\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya Kom\u00fcn Deneyimleri 2 \u2013 Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131, Kastilya&#8217;da \u015fehir halk\u0131n\u0131n feodalizme ve merkezi monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6z y\u00f6netim direni\u015fidir. \u00dcretim ve y\u00f6netimde halk\u0131n s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu deneyim, demokratik kom\u00fcnal toplum gelene\u011finde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir halkad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tarih boyunca ezen ile ezilen aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kom\u00fcnal k\u00f6klerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a derinle\u015fti. Devlet\u00e7i uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hiyerar\u015fi, feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve merkezi bask\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu d\u00fczeni kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, e\u015fitlik, do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m ve kom\u00fcnal ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde direni\u015fle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu kar\u015f\u0131t \u00e7izgilerden biri, demokratik kom\u00fcn gelene\u011fini geli\u015ftirirken, di\u011feri devlet\u00e7i egemenli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 1520-1521 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kastilya\u2019da (\u0130spanya) patlak veren Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131, Avrupa tarihinde \u015fehir vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6nemli bir kom\u00fcn deneyimi olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ezilenlerin \u00f6z y\u00f6netim kurdu\u011fu ve feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fitlik\u00e7i taleplerle ilerledi\u011fi bu hareket, kom\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n erken ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n<p>O d\u00f6nem Kastilya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, V. Charles\u2019in (I. Charles) y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Charles Hollanda\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, \u0130spanyolca bilmeyen bir Habsburg\u2019du ve tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yan\u0131nda Flaman dan\u0131\u015fmanlar ve soylular getirmi\u015fti. Bu \u201cyabanc\u0131 i\u015fgali\u201d, Kastilyal\u0131 \u015fehir halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki yaratt\u0131. A\u011f\u0131r vergiler, feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve paran\u0131n \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fayan halk\u0131 ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 isyana s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Yahudilerin ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kovulmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, sava\u015f masraflar\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eehirler (\u00f6zellikle y\u00fcn ticaretiyle zenginle\u015fen Valladolid, Tordesillas, Toledo, Segovia gibi merkezler), kral\u0131n \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla beraber Flaman naibin bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ko\u015fullar, \u015fehir vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda do\u011fal bir dayan\u0131\u015fma ve kolektif hareket yaratt\u0131. 1520 bahar\u0131nda Toledo\u2019da ba\u015flayan hareket h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eehir meclisleri kral\u0131n valilerini (corregidor) kovdu, \u201cComunidad\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u00f6zerk meclisler kurdu. 13 \u015fehir bir araya gelerek Santa Junta (Kutsal Junta) olu\u015fturdu. Juan L\u00f3pez de Padilla gibi liderler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u201cBa\u015fkomutan\u201d se\u00e7ildi. \u0130syan, sadece vergi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildi; feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fitlik\u00e7i talepler, yabanc\u0131 dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n kovulmas\u0131, paran\u0131n Kastilya\u2019da kalmas\u0131 ve \u015fehirlerin ger\u00e7ek \u00f6z y\u00f6netimi gibi talepler ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>A\u011fustos 1520\u2019de hareket doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131. Medina del Campo\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 isyan\u0131 alevlendirdi. Comuneros, Tordesillas\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek \u201cDeli Joanna&#8221;y\u0131 (Charles\u2019in annesi) sembolik olarak \u201ckral\u201d ilan etti ve onun ad\u0131yla me\u015fruiyet arad\u0131. Yeni y\u00f6netim, \u015fehir milisleri ve halk meclisleri \u00fczerinden i\u015fledi. Baz\u0131 direni\u015f\u00e7iler, \u0130talyan \u015fehir cumhuriyetleri gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kom\u00fcnler a\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Bu k\u0131sa d\u00f6nem, Kastilya tarihinde \u015fehir halk\u0131n\u0131n feodalizme ve merkezi monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 en kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6z y\u00f6netim denemelerinden biri oldu. \u00dcretim ve y\u00f6netimde halk\u0131n daha fazla s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i taleplerin dillendirildi\u011fi bir deneyim olarak ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak bu durum uzun s\u00fcrmedi. Radikal talepler artt\u0131k\u00e7a baz\u0131 soylular ve orta s\u0131n\u0131flar endi\u015felendi. Kraliyet g\u00fc\u00e7leri (Constable ve Amiral \u00f6nderli\u011finde) toparland\u0131. 5 Aral\u0131k 1520\u2019de Tordesillas kaybedildi. 23 Nisan 1521\u2019deki Villalar Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda comunero ordusu kraliyet s\u00fcvarileri ve top\u00e7usu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131p ya\u015fad\u0131. Liderlerden Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo ve Francisco Maldonado idam edildi. Toledo son direni\u015fi g\u00f6sterdi; Padilla\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fi Mar\u00eda Pacheco \u00f6nderli\u011finde savunma yap\u0131ld\u0131 ama Ekim 1521\u2019de \u015fehir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkileri derin oldu. \u015eehir \u00f6zerkli\u011fi sars\u0131lsa da, feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fitlik\u00e7i talepler toplumsal haf\u0131zaya kaz\u0131nd\u0131. Charles, 1522\u2019de \u0130spanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Flaman dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131 azaltt\u0131, baz\u0131 reformlar yapt\u0131 ama merkeziyet\u00e7ili\u011fi peki\u015ftirdi. \u0130syan, Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Kastilya\u2019y\u0131 mali ve siyasi kalbi haline getirmesinde rol oynad\u0131. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bunu \u201cilk modern devrim\u201d ve &#8220;ilk \u00f6z y\u00f6netim deneyimi&#8221; olarak de\u011ferlendirirken, di\u011ferleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir vergi ayaklanmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u00dczerinde uzla\u015f\u0131lan nokta ise \u015fudur: Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131, Avrupa\u2019da \u015fehir temelli, anti-feodal ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir direni\u015fin belgelenmi\u015f \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n<p>Uzun vadede isyan, \u0130spanya\u2019daki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini yeniden \u015fekillendirdi. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda baz\u0131 kesimler taraf\u0131ndan isyan \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi\u201d olarak nitelendirildi. Mitolojik bir hikaye haline getirenler de oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kastilya ve Le\u00f3n \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde 23 Nisan Villalar Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc resm\u00ee tatil olarak kutlan\u0131yor. Villalar kasabas\u0131 \u201cVillalar de los Comuneros\u201d olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor. An\u0131tlar, bayraklar ve kutlamalarla bu direni\u015f haf\u0131zada ya\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015fitlik, \u00f6z y\u00f6netim ve adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00f6steren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rnektir. Ne kadar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrerse s\u00fcrs\u00fcn, her ger\u00e7ek direni\u015f, devlet\u00e7i uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda demokratik kom\u00fcn gelene\u011fini yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131r. Ezilenlerin y\u00f6netimde ve \u015fehirlerde s\u00f6z sahibi olabilece\u011fi fikri, 1520-1521\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de diri ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu m\u00fccadele ge\u00e7mi\u015fte farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde ya\u015fand\u0131; bug\u00fcn de farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde devam ediyor. Comuneros\u2019un miras\u0131, daha adil bir ya\u015fam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belle\u011findedir.<\/p>\n<p>Sonraki yaz\u0131: M\u00fcnster Kom\u00fcn\u00fc \/ Almanya<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Jiyan Kolik<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131, Kastilya&#8217;da \u015fehir halk\u0131n\u0131n feodalizme ve merkezi monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6z y\u00f6netim direni\u015fidir. \u00dcretim ve y\u00f6netimde halk\u0131n s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu deneyim, demokratik kom\u00fcnal toplum gelene\u011finde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir halkad\u0131r. Tarih boyunca ezen ile ezilen aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kom\u00fcnal k\u00f6klerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a derinle\u015fti. Devlet\u00e7i uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hiyerar\u015fi, feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve merkezi bask\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10934,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genc-kalemler","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/germen-de-la-revuelta-comunera-Azb95W-3VJH-ohi-PQ8jGg2.799x450.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10890","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10890"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10939,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10890\/revisions\/10939"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}