{"id":10671,"date":"2026-03-23T09:29:57","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T06:29:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/berru.org\/?p=10671"},"modified":"2026-04-02T22:38:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T19:38:39","slug":"dunya-komun-deneyimleri-1-ciompi-isyani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/2026\/03\/23\/dunya-komun-deneyimleri-1-ciompi-isyani\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya Kom\u00fcn Deneyimleri 1 \u2013 Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Floransa\u2019da loncas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa ezilenlerin y\u00f6netime kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deneyimdir. Y\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kendi loncalar\u0131n\u0131 kurma ve y\u00f6netimde temsil edilme talebiyle ba\u015flayan isyan, kom\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n erken \u00f6rneklerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarihte, ezen ezilen \u00e7eli\u015fkisinin geli\u015fti\u011fi kastik, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 evreye kadar insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kom\u00fcnal bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131yoruz. Tarihin sonraki evrelerinde de bu ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin tamamen sona ermedi\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ekliktir. K\u00fcrt Halk \u00d6nderi Abdullah \u00d6calan’\u0131n teorize etti\u011fi \u00fczere, tarih devlet ile kom\u00fcn \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kar\u015f\u0131t \u00e7izgilerden biri Demokratik Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirirken, di\u011feri Devlet\u00e7i Uygarl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca bilinen bilinmeyen bir\u00e7ok kom\u00fcn deneyimi olmu\u015ftur. Bilinen deneyimleri bu yaz\u0131 dizisinde elimizden geldik\u00e7e anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda bir kom\u00fcn deneyimi olarak de\u011ferlendirebilece\u011fimiz Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131’n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

1378 y\u0131l\u0131nda Floransa Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde patlak veren Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131, Avrupa tarihinde loncas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ve belgelenmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i ayaklanmalar\u0131ndan biridir. \u00d6zellikle y\u00fcn taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (Ciompi) \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geli\u015fen bu hareket, haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan oldu\u011fu gibi; ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa alternatif bir y\u00f6netim olmay\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nem ya\u015fanan ve kara \u00f6l\u00fcm olarak da bilinen Veba Salg\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131 derinle\u015fen s\u0131n\u0131f u\u00e7urumu, a\u011f\u0131r vergiler ve siyasi d\u0131\u015flanma, y\u00fcn end\u00fcstrisinin en alt tabakas\u0131n\u0131 isyana s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. \u0130syan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irdi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k bir ay boyunca kendi d\u00f6neminin en demokratik h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinden birini kurdu. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bilinciyle bakarsak bir\u00e7ok yetersizli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir, hatta baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler bir kom\u00fcn deneyimi olarak da g\u00f6rmeyebilir, ancak kendi d\u00f6neminde ve sonras\u0131ndaki toplumsal m\u00fccadelelere katk\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00f6nemli bir deneyim oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Veba, Floransa n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yok etti. Bu durum k\u0131sa vadede i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratarak \u00fccretleri art\u0131rsa da, b\u00fcy\u00fck loncalar (\u00f6zellikle y\u00fcn, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve ipek loncalar\u0131) ekonomik ve siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc tekelle\u015ftirdi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k loncas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iler, boyac\u0131lar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli zanaatk\u00e2rlar tamamen sistemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Oy hakk\u0131, temsil hakk\u0131 ve lonca korumas\u0131ndan mahrum olan bu kesimler, giderek daha fazla bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1370\u2019li y\u0131llarda Floransa\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131, i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri ve y\u00fcn ticaretindeki daralma, alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki y\u00fck\u00fc daha da art\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck loncalar vergi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc halka aktar\u0131rken, Ciompi i\u015f\u00e7ileri bor\u00e7 bata\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi ve bir\u00e7ok aile ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck loncalar ile loncas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda do\u011fal bir dayan\u0131\u015fma zemini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

18 Haziran 1378\u2019de Salvestro de\u2019 Medici\u2019nin \u201cadalet bayraktar\u0131\u201d (gonfalonier) se\u00e7ilmesi, s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Ciompi ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck loncalar temsil talebini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 22 Haziran\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7iler ilk kez silahland\u0131, ancak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u015fiddet kullan\u0131lmad\u0131. Santa Maria dei Battalani Kilisesi, hareketin merkezi haline geldi.<\/p>\n

20 Temmuz\u2019da ise kilisede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplanma oldu. M\u00fczakerelerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 21 Temmuz\u2019da Palazzo Vecchio bas\u0131ld\u0131 ve mevcut y\u00f6netim devrildi. Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan, bir y\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7isi olan Michele di Lando en y\u00fcksek makama getirildi. Bu, alt s\u0131n\u0131flardan birinin iktidara y\u00fckselmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tarihsel bir k\u0131r\u0131lmayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yeni y\u00f6netimle birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 yeni lonca kuruldu ve y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 geni\u015fletildi. Art\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmet; b\u00fcy\u00fck loncalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck loncalar ve Ciompi temsilcilerini de i\u00e7eriyordu. Floransa tarihinde ilk kez geni\u015f halk kesimlerine vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ve temsil hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu deneyim uzun s\u00fcrmedi. 31 A\u011fustos 1378\u2019de Ciompi hareketinin taleplerinin daha radikal bir hal almas\u0131, orta s\u0131n\u0131f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck loncalarda endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131. Michele di Lando\u2019nun radikal unsurlara kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r almas\u0131yla birlikte hareket i\u00e7inden de b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Piazza della Signoria\u2019da toplanan Ciompi grubu, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck loncalar\u0131n ittifak\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130syan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; liderleri ya idam edildi ya da s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar isyan\u0131n en yo\u011fun d\u00f6nemi yaln\u0131zca 1\u20132 ay s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olsa da etkileri birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca hissedildi. Oligar\u015fik d\u00fczen her ne kadar geri gelmi\u015f olsa da; lonca sistemi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sars\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015f\u00e7iler; temsil hakk\u0131, lonca kurma giri\u015fimi, vergi indirimi ve \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi taleplerini k\u0131smen de olsa g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale getirdi.<\/p>\n

Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, bu k\u0131sa deneyim s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcretimin biraz olsun halk\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirilmesi ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir anlay\u0131\u015fla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, tarihte erken bir kom\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirmemizi sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Uzun vadede ise bu isyan, Floransa\u2019daki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerini yeniden \u015fekillendirdi ve ironik bir \u015fekilde Medici ailesinin y\u00fckseli\u015fine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci, \u00fccret m\u00fccadelesi ve do\u011frudan eylem gibi unsurlar\u0131yla, sonraki i\u015f\u00e7i hareketleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir referans noktas\u0131 haline geldi.
\nTarih\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 yorumlar bulunsa da, baz\u0131lar\u0131 bu olay\u0131 bir \u201cproletarya devrimi\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirirken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise loncalar aras\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ancak \u00fczerinde uzla\u015f\u0131lan nokta, bu isyan\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i hareketlerinin erken ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Floransa\u2019da bulunan Piazza dei Ciompi (Ciompi Meydan\u0131) bu tarihsel olaya at\u0131fta bu isimle dile gelir. Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri\u2019nin Il tumulto dei Ciompi adl\u0131 eseri de bu isyan\u0131 g\u00f6rselle\u015ftiren \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biridir.<\/p>\n

Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015fitlik, temsil ve adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00f6steren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rnektir. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, her direni\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha adil bir ya\u015fam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadele ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonraki yaz\u0131: Comuneros \u0130syan\u0131 Kastilya Kom\u00fcn deneyimi \/ \u0130spanya<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Jiyan Kolik<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Floransa\u2019da loncas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ciompi \u0130syan\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa ezilenlerin y\u00f6netime kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deneyimdir. Y\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kendi loncalar\u0131n\u0131 kurma ve y\u00f6netimde temsil edilme talebiyle ba\u015flayan isyan, kom\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n erken \u00f6rneklerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Tarihte, ezen ezilen \u00e7eli\u015fkisinin geli\u015fti\u011fi kastik, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 evreye kadar insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kom\u00fcnal bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131yoruz. Tarihin sonraki evrelerinde de bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":""},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_review":[],"enable_review":"","type":"percentage","name":"","summary":"","brand":"","sku":"","good":[],"bad":[],"score_override":"","override_value":"","rating":[],"price":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10671","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozel-dosya"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/berru.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/photo_2026-03-23_00-18-32-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10671"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10671\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10904,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10671\/revisions\/10904"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/berru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}